PvO schreef :
Succes, ben benieuwd naar het schema.
Dit is het schema zonder schakelaars (edit: uploaden lukt niet, schema is in html formaat - zal wel niet mogen van de forumsoftware). Als een batterij uitvalt, schakelt alles automatisch over naar de ander. Ik weet niet wat 'Ideal diodes' zijn, en ik ga voor de oplossing die het minste werk voor mij oplevert (diode of schakelaar).
Hieronder de prompt die je zou kunnen gebruiken om eigen schema's te maken.
You are helping me design and draw a marine DC/AC electrical system schematic.
Please produce: (1) a clear wiring schematic as an inline diagram, (2) a breaker
and fuse schedule, (3) recommended converter/inverter capacities with the
reasoning, and (4) a short critique of the design with improvement suggestions.
============================================================
PARAMETERS — EDIT THESE TO MATCH YOUR BOAT, THEN LEAVE THE REST
============================================================
Main "reservoir" battery: LFP, 24V, 150 Ah (~3.8 kWh) <-- change
Workhorse/starter battery: LTO, 24V/12V dual-tap, 45 Ah,
internal balancer <-- change
Bus voltages present: 12V, 24V, 240V AC <-- change
240V source: shore power inlet (primary) +
inverter/charger <-- change
Engine charging: 12V alternator -> DC/DC to LFP <-- change
Largest 24V DC load: induction hob ~2 kW (~85A @ 24V) <-- change
Other heavy 24V load: anchor winch (high inrush 150-250A)<-- change
240V loads: microwave + electric kettle <-- change
12V loads: LED lighting, electronics,
engine starter <-- change
Off-grid autonomy target: ~2 days, mostly on shore power <-- change
Future expansion: solar MPPT onto the LFP <-- change
============================================================
DESIGN INTENT (this is the unusual part — keep this logic intact):
- The LTO is the DEFAULT working battery for the 12V and 24V buses. It handles
high surge loads (engine cranking, winch inrush, induction startup) because
LTO tolerates high current, deep cycling, cold and abuse far better than LFP.
- The LFP is the ENERGY RESERVOIR sitting behind the LTO. It holds the bulk kWh
and refills the LTO through a DC/DC 24->24 converter.
- The INVERTER is the REVERSE: its DEFAULT source is the LFP (not the LTO),
because the inverter draws steady energy and should pull from the big tank.
- The 24V bus carries only heavy intermittent loads (induction, winch).
- The LTO's 12V tap is the default source for the 12V bus.
REQUIRED COMPONENTS AND CONNECTIONS:
1. 24V LFP main battery (with BMS + class-T fuse at the terminal).
2. 24V/12V LTO battery with internal balancer and dual (12V + 24V) output taps.
3. DC/DC 12->24 converter between the 12V alternator and the LFP (charges LFP).
4. DC/DC 24->24 converter between LFP and LTO (LFP charges/refills LTO).
SIZE THIS to roughly match the largest sustained 24V load so that load runs
effectively off the LFP in steady state, with the LTO buffering surges.
5. 24->240V inverter/charger plus a shore-power inlet feeding the 240V bus.
6. 12V bus for boat house loads + a 12V feed to the engine starter.
7. 24V bus for the heavy loads.
8. 240V AC bus.
9. Backup DC/DC 24->12 converter to feed the 12V bus if the LTO is unavailable
(fed from the LFP / 24V side).
SWITCHING & FAILOVER LOGIC TO SHOW EXPLICITLY:
- 12V + 24V buses: LTO is default. If the LTO sags/fails, the LFP-backed leg
takes over with NO break in supply.
- Inverter: LFP is default. If the LFP fails, switch the inverter to the LTO
(24V) as backup.
- 12V bus second failover: if the LTO is down, the backup DC/DC 24->12 feeds
the 12V bus.
- Prefer NO-BREAK automatic failover (ideal-diode / FET "OR-ing" modules) over
manual switches for the bus failover paths, because there is no switching
event to fail at the worst moment. Use a contactor (or ideal-diode) for the
inverter's LFP<->LTO backup path, and interlock it break-before-make so the
two batteries can never be paralleled at the inverter input.
- Also include a manual switchboard for deliberate isolation/service.
PRE-CHARGE — ADDRESS THIS DIRECTLY:
- State where pre-charge resistors are needed and why (large input capacitance
causes huge inrush that welds contactors / blows fuses on connection).
Expected answer: YES for the inverter (big input caps; e.g. ~20 ohm resistor
switched in ~1s before the main contactor closes); MAYBE for the 24->24 DC/DC
if it lacks built-in soft-start; confirm the LFP BMS has its own pre-charge on
reconnect; NO for resistive/motor/diode loads (12V house, LED, induction's own
soft-start, winch motor, diode-OR paths).
PROTECTION / FUSING:
- Fuse BOTH sides of every DC/DC converter (current can flow either way in a
fault). Class-T fuse at the LFP terminal. Size the LTO crank/winch path fuse
and cabling to the winch inrush/stall spec, NOT to the induction current.
Provide a breaker & fuse schedule with approximate ratings.
DIAGRAM STYLE:
- One clear schematic with labelled blocks for each battery, converter, bus,
the inverter, the switchboard, the diode-OR modules, contactors, and the
pre-charge sub-circuit. Show power-flow direction and every fuse/breaker.
- Use distinct visual styling per component type and include a legend.
- Then give the breaker/fuse schedule, the converter sizing rationale, and the
critique as text below the diagram.
After drawing it, please critique the design for my stated autonomy target and
usage profile, and suggest the highest-leverage improvements (e.g. converter
sizing, fridge/insulation efficiency, solar, single points of failure).